Biblical Reference For the Catholic Mass Term Paper

Biblical Reference For the Catholic Mass - Term Paper Example The history of Christianity is a testimony justifying that fact, as the Catholic Mass has been the same way since the time of the Apostles and the first Christians. Sources opine the Mass as an interesting call as it links Christians to God in the flesh when they go in front for the Holy Communion1. This paper will give a biblical reference for the Catholic Mass. The Catholic Mass involves a ceremony, incense, and golden chalices. The early Christians were men of culture and time. They held ceremonial events because they were descendants of this style of worship. Later, Christians inherited these styles through organic and natural means from their Jewish origins. Before the Constantine legalized Christianity in Certa, Christians used inventories besides the Scriptures. According to the written inventories, Christians used a number of inventories, which included two golden chalices, six silver dishes, six silver chalices, seven silver lamps, and  a silver bowl. This was indeed a cer emony! The Bible tells us that Noah prepared burnt offering whereby the scriptures establish that the â€Å"odor delighted the Lord† (Gen 8:21)2. This indicates that Catholic Mass has Biblical reference. Most Christians know about the Law of Moses, but remarkably few understand its link to Catholic Mass. A closer outlook shows that God did not come to pick the faithful or abolish the law but rather fulfill it. (Mat 5:17). Facts about the Law of Moses show that it had a heap of vestments and ceremonies involved in it. Jesus liked teaching in temples. In fact, He loved it and named it â€Å"My Father’s House† (Luke 2:49 and John 2:16). This shows that Jesus was into ceremony and even the Heaven talks about a ceremony. In Rev 5:8, twenty-four elders floored in front of the lamb, and they all held golden bowls filled with incense and a harp. The book of Revelation reveals that an angel who appeared in golden censer and stood in front of the altar. This angel receive d a large quantity of incense during prayers  at the altar (Rev 8:3). With reference to the Bible, these are some of the reasons as to why Catholics uphold the spirit of ceremonies. In fact, Book of Revelation gives a description with regard to the Catholic Mass. Revelation gives a lot of emphasis and spiritual attachment to the holy Mass. Catholic Church regards Mass as proper and authentic sacrifice, which is the same as Holy Communion. Anglican churches also offer Mass as proper sacrifice to God. In many churches, the sacrifice of Mass starts with thanking the Lord. In this first part of the Mass, Anglicans give thanks to God because of His blessings, which He has bestowed upon them. The second part of the mass according to Anglican Church entails repenting of sins. Christians plead to the Lord to pardon their sins and purify them in order to offer true and clean sacrifice. Lastly, Anglicans offer themselves as a sacrifice to the Lord who created all the creatures in the earth. Christians participate in celebration of Holy Communion in this part of the Mass. This is what Christians call the Eucharistic sacrifice. Eucharistic sacrifice is the true blood and body of Jesus Christ. There is a contention among churches over the sacrifice of Eucharist. Churches have differed over forms of celebrating this sacrifice. For instance, Catholics have a varied form of offering their Mass. There are many scriptural proofs regarding Mass in Old and New Testaments. Melchisedech and Jesus Christ in the last supper are examples

Kottak presents the concept of the feminization of poverty Essay

Kottak presents the concept of the feminization of poverty - Essay Example These include (1) the growth and emergence of female/women-headed households, (2) inequalities between households and discrimination against girls and women and, and (3) economic policies that lean heavily towards neo-liberalism, including structural changes and transitions in post-socialist markets (Kottak 82). Kottak argues that increasing visibility of poverty among women is deeply rooted in political economies, cultural trends and demographic patterns. He states that there are huge regional variations in the financial and economic status of women-headed households, and this is primarily influenced by women’s access to property and employment, political regimes and social policies. Kottak also states that inequalities between households have been found to worsen the state of women’s rights in terms of their vulnerability (105). This manifests in form of inequalities in resource allocation to households and a lack of decision-making in important spheres like legal codes, public policy and development. Inadequate access to property rights (in land), employment, illiteracy, poor wages, childbearing, early marriages have also proved detrimental to the empowerment of women and the realization of their rights. The expansion of female/women-headed households has been found to be influential in the exacerbation of women’s poverty, and although this has not been proved in most parts of the world, the United States offers a stark example of what may eventually be the situation in a majority of countries. In the US, feminization of poverty is closely linked to the growth of female-headed households especially among low-income females in terms of insufficien t social support (Kottak 74) It has been established that neoliberal economic policies have a tendency and potential to induce poverty and hence have adverse effects on girls and women.

The Odyssey by Homer Essay Example for Free

The Odyssey by Homer Essay In the morning, Nausicaa, daughter of King Alcinous and Queen Arete, goes with her friends to the river with the laundry and begins to wash and play games. Odysseus wakes up by their noise and, covered in salt and covering up his private parts with a leaf, travels to them. Nausicaas friends run away screaming but Nausicaa stays to listen to what the stranger has to say. Fearing that he may scare her if her were to grab her knees in supplication, Odysseus pleads with her at a distance. Nausicaa respects Odysseus and his fine words and thought and gets her friends to bathe him in the river and to clothe him. In the process, Athene divinely enhances his appearance so that he looks quite like a god. The fact that Nausicaa, without her maidservants and veil the two things that protect her person and reputation in public stays to talk to Odysseus shows her spirit and sturdiness of character. Fearing gossip, Nausicaa tells Odysseus, after inviting him to the palace to meet her parents, to wait in the grove. While there, Odysseus prays to Athene to aid him in his supplication to the king and queen. Book 6 contains an element, which although not scarce in the Odyssey, is certainly very rare in most epic poem: comedy. The comic element is unmistakeable in these scenes. Odysseus embarrassment when making his approach to the girls and right before bathing, as well as the girls terrified reactions to his nakedness, cannot help but elicit a lighter mood in the poems action, which until now had centered solely on the horrible problems faced by Odysseus and his family. Homer uses a simile to describe Odysseus as a lion (used in war situation in the Iliad which demonstrates, in this non-warfare situation that the girls viewed Odysseus as a dangerous and wild beast) and Nausicaa and the other girls as sheep. Here, the ravenous lion, buffeted by the elements but striving onward to state his all-consuming hunger on helpless sheep, is compared to the salt-covered Odysseus, ragged from days at sea, and filled with a hunger of an entirely different nature. The relation of the sheep to the girls can be seen clearly in retrospect when the girls flee before this ominous figure of male sexuality as sheep would flee before a hungry lion. This simile does not serve merely to make us once again pity the poor, travel-beaten Odysseus; it is rather an attempt to lighten the tension filling much of the first five books. BOOK 7 W HEN NAUSICAA AND HER FRIENDS HAD REACHED THE PALACE, Athene, disguised as a young girl, offers to lead Odysseus to the palace and places a magical mist around him rendering him invisible in order to evade rude questioning. Athene tell him that in order to speak to King Alcinous, he must first win favour with Queen Arete. When they reach the palace, Athene leaves and buggers off to Athens. Odysseus admires the fine palace then enters, sees Arete and grabs her knees in supplication. She allows him to see the king, who after removing one of his sons off of a chair so that Odysseus doesnt have to sit in the ash, feats with them and tells them the story of how he came to Phaeacia. The queen notices his Phaeacian clothes and Odysseus tells them about their daughters generosity. As they admire Odysseus and Nausicaa ha refused all other suitors, Alcinous hints at marriage but Odysseus stresses that he wants to go home. He is therefore promised their magic ships to sail home by. The ships can reach any destination and return in a day. Arete and the servants then prepare a bed for Odysseus and sleeps. In Book 7, we see the epitome of a motif that runs throughout the Odyssey: the relationship of host to guest. We saw the kind treatment Telemachus bestowed on Athene when was disguised as Mentes as well as the great hospitality extended to Telemachus by both Nestor and Menelaus. Now it is Odysseus himself who comes as a stranger to a foreign court and must act accordingly. Indeed, the role of a foreign visitor is one that Odysseus knows well, for he has wandered long and far and knows the customary courtesies expected by guests. Contrasted with his seasoned guest, Alcinous, although kind and benevolent as a host, is unused to receiving guests, and is initially unsure of how to react to Odysseus suit. After Odysseus has humbled himself by sitting in a heap of ashes, no one, including Alcinous, knows quite how to act. Finally, an elder named Echeneus, the oldest man of Phaeacia speaks. Echeneus tactfully reminds Alcinous of his duties as a host to a stranger. Once again, it is not Alcinous social grace and magnanimity that is lacking; it is his inexperience with situations of this sort that temporarily holds him back from action. We are also given insight into another motif of the poem: the nature of divine disguise. Alcinous suggests that Odysseus might be a god who has come to test the Phaeacians benevolence towards guests. We have already been told of the gods special love for the Phaeacians, and how the people of Phaeacia themselves are nearly divine. Now we lean that the gods manifest that love by appearing to them not disguised, but in their actual form. This gives us an indication of just how strongly Athene loves Odysseus, for she often converses with him in her pure, undistinguished form. But it is not until Odysseus once again reaches Ithaca that she will be able to do so without fear of Poseidons wrath. Homer, by mixing in some elements of magic (the forever ripe fruit and semi-divine Phaeacians) prepares the reader for the fantasy books. BOOK 17 T ELEMACHUS LEAVES EUMAEUS HUT AND GOES HOME AND IS WARMLY greeted by Eurycleia, maidservants and his mother, Penelope. He tells her to go and pray to the gods while he meets Theclymenus the seer and Peiraeus in the place of assembly. There he tells Peiraeus to hold onto his Spartan treasure until after the conflict with the suitors. Theoclymenus and Telemachus then return to the palace where Theoclymenus reveals a prophecy of Odysseus already being in the city to Penelope over dinner. Odysseus and Eumaeus then head off into the city and meet the traitorous Melanthius who both physically and verbally abuses Odysseus who manages who his peace while Eumaeus tells him off. Unshaken, the goatherd goes off into the palace. Then, as they approach the palace themselves, they see Odysseus old dog Argus is dying on top of dung. The dog wags his tail as he recognises his master after twenty years of separation and then dies. In the palace, Telemachus gives Odysseus a meal and then Athene commands Telemachus disguised father to beg from the suitors. Antinous, who was slightly provoked by Odysseus beggar, throws a footstool at him and Odysseus walks off bitterly and silently. The fact that Antinous did this, and was corrected and doomed by the other suitors, shows that he has no respect for Xenia. Penelope then decides that she wishes to speak to Odysseus as the beggar. Eumaeus, however, tries to dissuade her from this as she has heard so many false tales from men who have falsely claimed to have met Odysseus. Still, she wants to see him. But Odysseus only wants to see her after the suitors have left. She agrees and Eumaeus goes home but is asked by Telemachus to come back to the palace in the morning. Now that Odysseus has appeared before the larger Ithacan community in disguise, there is more room for the dramatic irony that fills many of the verses of The Odyssey. We see this notably during the Melanthius episode. Although Odysseus holds his peace after Melanthius attack, Eumaeus calls upon the gods to return Odysseus to his home so that he can punish the scornful goatherd. Melanthius, a loyal follower of the suitors, knows the power that will be his when Telemachus is eliminated. His own vow, of course, recoils back upon him. Melanthius wishes that Telemachus may suffer death as surely as Odysseus himself has already done so. The irony lies in the fact that Melanthius vow is fulfilled, only not in the way he had intended. Odysseus himself has not died, and is in fact standing right there. Therefore, as surely as Odysseus has not died, so too will Telemachus not die. Melanthius has unwittingly stated the truth. We see a similar use of irony later, after Antinous strikes Odysseus with the footstool. Only this time, no one specifically mentions the long-lost Odysseus. Instead the suitors remark that Antinous did badly to strike the beggar as he could have been a god testing the suitors kindness. Of course, we know Odysseus is not a god. But the gods have indeed disguised him fir the very reason that the suitors suggest: to test them and to see which are righteous and which are malevolent. It is also appropriate that Odysseus disguise makes others liken him once more to a god. Yet this time the situation is reversed. Before, Telemachus thought Odysseus a god for removing his disguise. Now, the suitors consider the possibility due to the lowly appearance of the disguise itself, not because of the majesty with which the gods envelop him when he stands revealed in his true form.

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Isaac Newton: The Mathematician Sir Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England. Isaac Newton was the most famous scientist in history. He was one of the most revolutionary, established, and influential physicist, philosopher and mathematician ever known. He was credited as one of the most brilliant minds of the 17th century scientific revolution. As Newton discoveries such as optics, motion and mathematics all together newton developed the principles of modern science. Born to a prosperous local farmer, also named Isaac Newton, who died three months after Newton was born. Newton was born as a premature baby who was feeble and weak and was told that he would not survive. At the age of 12, Newton attended Kings School in Grantham, where he stayed with a local apothecary and was then that newton was introduced into the fascinating world of chemistry. His mother pulled Newton out of school to become a farmer and not only Newton disliked being a farmer but he was also bad at being a farmer. He went back to Kings School to finish school. Once he finished, his u... Essay -- Isaac Newton: The Mathematician Sir Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England. Isaac Newton was the most famous scientist in history. He was one of the most revolutionary, established, and influential physicist, philosopher and mathematician ever known. He was credited as one of the most brilliant minds of the 17th century scientific revolution. As Newton discoveries such as optics, motion and mathematics all together newton developed the principles of modern science. Born to a prosperous local farmer, also named Isaac Newton, who died three months after Newton was born. Newton was born as a premature baby who was feeble and weak and was told that he would not survive. At the age of 12, Newton attended Kings School in Grantham, where he stayed with a local apothecary and was then that newton was introduced into the fascinating world of chemistry. His mother pulled Newton out of school to become a farmer and not only Newton disliked being a farmer but he was also bad at being a farmer. He went back to Kings School to finish school. Once he finished, his u...

ABC Manufacturing Company Essay

The ABC Manufacturing Company is a metal working plant under the direction of a plant manager who is known as a strict disciplinarian. One day a foreman noticed Bhola, one of the workers, at the time-clock punching out two cards his own and the card of Nathu, a fellow worker. Since it was the rule of the company that each man must punch out his own card, the foreman asked Bhola to accompany him to the Personnel Director, who interpreted the incident as a direct violation of a rule and gave immediate notice of discharge to both workers. The two workers came to see the Personnel Director on the following day. Nathu claimed innocence on the ground that he had not asked for his card to be punched and did not know at the time that it was being punched. He had been offered a ride by a friend who had already punched out and who could not wait for him to go through the punch-out procedure. Nathu was worried about his wife who was ill at home and was anxious to reach home as quickly as possible. He planned to take his card to the foreman the next morning for reinstatement, a provision sometimes exercised in such cases. These circumstances were verified by Bhola. He claimed that he had punched Nathu’s card the same time he punched his own, not being conscious of any wrongdoing. The Personnel Director was inclined to believe the story of the two men but did not feel he could reverse the action taken. He recognized that these men were good workers and had good records prior to this incident. Nevertheless, they had violated a rule for which the penalty was immediate discharge. He also reminded them that it was the policy of the company to enforce the rules without exception. A few days later the Personnel Director, the Plant Manager, and the Sales Manager sat together at lunch. The Sales Manager reported that he was faced with the necessity of notifying one of their best customers that his order must be delayed because of the liability of one department to conform to schedule. The department in question was the one from which the two workers had been discharged. Not only had it been impossible to replace these men to date, but disgruntlement over the incident had led to significant decline in the cooperation of the other workers. The Personnel Director and the Sales Manager took the position that the discha rge of these two valuable men could have been avoided if there had been provision for onsidering the circumstances of the case. They pointed out that the incident was costly to the company in the possible loss of a customer, in the dissatisfaction within the employee group, and in the time and money that would be involved in recruiting and training replacements. The Plant Manager could not agree with this point of view. â€Å"We must have rules if we are to have efficiency; and the rules are no god unless we enforce them. Furthermore, if we start considering all these variations in circumstances, we will find ourselves loaded down with everybody thinking he is an exception. † He admitted that the grievances were frequent but countered with the point that they could be of little consequence if the contract agreed to by the union was followed to the letter

African Politics No Longer at Ease by Obi Okonkwo Essay

In Africa, the interests of various individuals and groups have transformed the possession of power into nightmarish dimensions due to the flaws in the political structures of the societies. Although some of these degenerative weaknesses have been explained by historical experiences, there still remains the fact that the progressive development of any society depends on a conscious pruning of flawsin the organizational structure of the society by those with the power to provide guidance and direction. Moreover, this burden of leadership could elicit either patriotic parasitic tendencies in the utilization and exercise of power. (Ehling 23-25) According to Steven Gale in his Critical Commentary ‘Chinua Achebes No Longer at Ease’ where he†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [In Things Fall Apart, he] dramatizes only a local struggle around the turn of the century in the Igbo heartland of West Africa between Protestant missionaries backed by British imperial power and the inhabitants of several Igbo villages. Clearly, the many confrontations between Europeans and Africans on the African continent over several centuries varied considerably according to particular political, geographic, and social circumstances. Nevertheless, Achebe focuses on an underlying ethical conflict between two civilizations that eventuated in the destruction of the traditional Igbo way of life. In No Longer at Ease, Achebe offers a reprise of the tragic confrontation of Things Fall Apart, but in a mediated and modernized form. †¦ No Longer at Ease [embodies] radically different conceptions of tragedy that reflect the fundamental changes that have occurred in Africa in the wake of its encounter with European civilization (108-109). Achebe might have tried to resolve the tension between traditional Igbo practices and those demanded by a modernizing postcolonial AfricanShow MoreRelatedThe Center Does Not Hold: A Cultural-Religious Hole in Achebes Things Fall Apart and No Longer at Ease1339 Words   |  5 PagesCultural-Religious Hole in Achebes Things Fall Apart and No Longer at Ease Both Okonkwo in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart and Obi in No Longer at Ease represent departures from two worlds, left in a kind of limbo which offers no way out and no salvation. 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He has encompassed in his novels one century of history of Nigeria. Achebe highlights various aspects of the Ibo culture in his novels-â€Å"Things Fall Apart†, â€Å"No Longer at Ease†, â€Å"Arrow of God†, â€Å"A Man of the People† and â€Å"Anthills of Savannah†. He is regarded as the invention of the African literature. He takes pride in being ‘a teacher’ of his society and calls upon his fellow writers to turn their attention to African life, culture and ethosRead More Conrads Heart of Darkness and the Dehumanization of Africans2989 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Dehumanization of Africans      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Western world, generally speaking, is not kind to Africa and its native inhabitants. We acknowledge Africas existence, but we do not want to see or understand anything about it beyond the obvious: overt things that are open to criticism like Apartheid (a European invention). 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Jacquetta of Luxembourg Wars of the Roses Figure

Known for:  Mother of Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England, consort of King Edward IV, and through her, ancestress of the Tudor rulers and subsequent rulers of England and Great Britain.  And through Jacquetta, Elizabeth Woodville was descended from several English kings. Ancestor of Henry VIII and all following British and English rulers. Accused of using witchcraft to arrange her daughters marriage.Dates:  About 1415 to May 30, 1472Also known as: Jaquetta, Duchess of Bedford, Lady Rivers More about Jacquettas family is below the biography. Jacquetta of Luxembourg Biography: Jacquetta was the oldest child of her parents’ nine children; her uncle Louis, later to be a Bishop, was an ally of England’s King Henry VI in his claim to the crown of France. She probably lived in Brienne in her childhood, though little record of that part of her life survives. First Marriage Jacquetta’s noble heritage made her a fitting wife for the brother of England’s King Henry VI, John of Bedford. John was 43 years old and had lost his wife of nine years to the plague the year before he married the 17-year-old Jacquetta in a ceremony in France, the ceremony presided over by Jacquetta’s uncle. John had served for a time as regent for the young Henry VI when Henry V died in 1422. John, often known as Bedford, fought against the French to try to press Henry’s claims to the French crown. He is known for arranging the trial and execution of Joan of Arc, who had turned the tide of the war against the English, and for also arranging for Henry VI to be crowned as the French king. This was a fine marriage for Jacquetta. She and her husband went to England a few months after their marriage, and she lived both at her husband’s home in Warwickshire and in London. She was admitted to the prestigious Order of the Garter in 1434. Soon after that, the couple returned to France, probably lived in Rouen at the castle there. But John died at his castle a week before the end of negotiations for a treaty between diplomats representing England, France, and Burgundy. They had been married for less than two and a half years. After John’s death, Henry VI sent for Jacquetta to come to England. Henry asked his late brother’s chamberlain, Sir Richard Woodville (also spelled Wydevill), to be in charge of her journey. She had dower rights to some of her husband’s lands and about one-third of the income from them and would be a marriage prize that Henry could use to advantage. Second Marriage Jacquetta and the rather poor Richard Woodville fell in love and married secretly in early 1437, thwarting any marriage plans King Henry may have had, and drawing Henry’s anger. Jacquetta was not supposed to be able to exercise her dower rights if she married without royal permission. Henry settled the affair, fining the couple a thousand pounds. She returned to the king’s favor, which had considerable advantages to the Woodville family. She returned to France several times in her first years of the second marriage, to fight for her dower rights there. Richard was also assigned to France a few times. In addition to the connection to Henry VI by her first marriage, Jacquetta also had a connection to Henry’s wife, Margaret of Anjou: her sister had married Margaret’s uncle. Even as the widow of Henry IV’s brother, Jacquetta had, by protocol, a higher rank at court than any other royal women except the queen herself. Jacquetta was chosen, for her high rank and the connection by marriage to Henry VI’s family, to go to France with the party bringing the young Margaret of Anjou to England to marry Henry VI. Jacquetta and Richard Woodville had a happy and long marriage. They bought a home in Grafton, Northamptonshire. Fourteen children were born to them.  Only one – Lewis, the second eldest, who was also the eldest son – died in childhood, an unusually healthy record for the plague-ridden times. Wars of the Roses In the complex intrafamily feuds over succession, now called the Wars of the Roses, Jacquetta and her family were loyal Lancastrians. When Henry VI was in his extended isolation due to his mental breakdown, and Edward IV’s Yorkist army was at the gates of London in 1461, Jacquetta was asked to negotiate with Margaret of Anjou to keep the Yorkist army from vandalizing the city. The husband of Jacquetta’s eldest daughter, Elizabeth Woodville, Sir John Grey, fought in the Second Battle of St. Albans with the Lancastrian army under the command of Margaret of Anjou. Though the Lancastrians won, Grey was among the casualties of the battle. After the battle of Towton, won by the Yorkists, Jacquetta’s husband and her son Anthony, part of the losing side, were imprisoned in the Tower of London. Jacquetta’s family connections to the Duke of Burgundy, who had helped Edward win that battle, likely saved Jacquetta’s husband and son, and they were released after a few months. Edward IV’s victory meant, among the other losses, that Jacquetta’s lands were confiscated by the new king.  So were those of other families that had been on the Lancastrian side, including Jacquetta’s daughter, Elizabeth, who was left a widow with two young boys. Elizabeth Woodville’s Second Marriage Edward’s victory also represented an opportunity to marry the new king to a foreign princess who would bring wealth and allies to England. Edward’s mother, Cecily Neville, and his cousin, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (known as the Kingmaker), were shocked when Edward secretly and suddenly married the young Lancastrian widow, Elizabeth Woodville, Jacquetta’s oldest daughter. The king had met Elizabeth, according to what may be more legend than truth, when she positioned herself at the side of the road, with her two sons from her first marriage, to catch the king’s eye as he passed on a hunting trip, and beg him for the return of her lands and income. Some have alleged that Jacquetta arranged this encounter. The king was struck with Elizabeth, and, when she refused to become his mistress (so the story goes), he married her. The wedding was held at Grafton on May 1, 1464, with only Edward, Elizabeth, Jacquetta, the priest and two women attendants present. It changed the fortunes of the Woodville family considerably  after it was disclosed months later. Royal Favor The very large Woodville family benefited from their new status as relatives of the York king. In February after the wedding, Edward ordered Jacquetta’s dower rights restored, and thus her income. Edward appointed her husband the treasurer of England and Earl Rivers. Several of Jacquetta’s other children found favorably marriages in this new environment. The most infamous was the marriage of her 20-year-old son, John, to Katherine Neville, Duchess of Norfolk.  Katherine was the sister of Edward IV’s mother, as well as an aunt of Warwick the Kingmaker, and at least 65 years old when she married John.  Katherine had outlived three husbands already, and, as it turned out, would outlive John as well. Warwick’s Revenge Warwick, who had been thwarted in his plans for Edward’s marriage, and who had been pushed out of favor by the Woodvilles, changed sides and decided to support Henry VI as fighting again broke out between the York and Lancaster sides in the complicated wars of succession.  Elizabeth Woodville and her children had to seek sanctuary, along with Jacquetta.  Elizabeths son, Edward V, was probably born during that time. At Kenilworth, Jacquetta’s husband, Earl Rivers, and their son, John (who had married Warwick’s elderly aunt) were captured by Warwick and he had them killed. Jacquetta, who had loved her husband, went into mourning, and her health suffered. Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Duchess of Bedford, died on May 30, 1472. Neither her will nor her place of burial is known. Was Jacquetta a Witch? In 1470, one of Warwick’s men formally accused Jacquetta of practicing witchcraft by making images of Warwick, Edward IV and his queen, likely part of the strategy to further destroy the Woodvilles. She faced a trial but was cleared of all charges. Richard III resurrected the charge after the death of Edward IV, with Parliament’s assent, as part of the act declaring invalid the marriage of Edward to Elizabeth Woodville, and thus removing from succession Edward’s two sons (the Princes in the Tower Richard imprisoned and who were, after a while, never seen again). The main argument against the marriage was a supposed precontract that Edward had made with another woman, but the witchcraft charge was inserted to show that Jacquetta had worked with Elizabeth to enchant Edward, Richard’s brother. Jacquetta of Luxembourg in Literature Jacquetta appears often in historical fiction.   Philippa Gregory’s novel, The Lady of the Rivers, focuses on Jacquetta, and she is a major figure in both Gregory’s novel The White Queen and the 2013 television series by the same name. Jacquetta’s first husband, John of Lancaster, the Duke of Bedford, is a character in Shakespeare’s Henry IV, parts 1 and 2, in Henry V, and in Henry VI part 1. Background, Family Mother: Margaret of Baux (Margherita del Balzo), whose paternal ancestors were nobility of Naples, and whose mother, an Orsini, was a descendant of King John of England.Father: Peter (Pierre) of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol and Count of Brienne.  Peter’s ancestors included King Henry III of England and his consort, Eleanor of Provence.Siblings:Louis of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol. Ancestor of Henry IV of France and Mary, Queen of Scots. Beheaded for treason against King Louis XI of France.Thibaud of Luxembourg, Count of Brienne, Bishop of Le MansJacques of LuxembourgValeran  of  Luxembourg,  died youngJean of LuxembourgCatherine of Luxembourg married Arthur III, Duke of BrittanyIsabelle of Luxembourg, Countess of Guise, married Charles, Count of MaineFor more details:  Family Tree of Elizabeth Woodville  (Jacquetta’s eldest child) Marriage, Children Husband: John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford (1389 – 1435).  Married April 22, 1433. John was the third son of Henry IV of England and his wife, Mary de Bohun; Henry IV was the son of John of Gaunt and his first wife, the Lancaster heiress, Blanche.  John was thus the brother of King Henry V. He had previously been married to Anne of Burgundy from 1423 until her death in 1432. John of Lancaster died on September 15, 1435, in Rouen.  Jacquetta retained the title for life of Duchess of Bedford, as it was a higher-ranking title than others she might later have been entitled to.No childrenHusband: Sir Richard Woodville, a chamberlain in her first husband’s household.  Children:Elizabeth Woodville  (1437 – 1492). Married Thomas Gray, then married Edward IV. Children by both husbands. Mother of Edward V and  Elizabeth of York.Lewis Wydeville or Woodville. He died in childhood.Anne Woodville (1439 – 1489). Married William Bourchier, son of Henry Bourch ier and Isabel of Cambridge. Married Edward Wingfield. Married George Grey, son of Edmund Grey and Katherine Percy.Anthony Woodville (1440-42 - 25 Jun 1483). Married Elizabeth de Scales, then married Mary Fitz-Lewis. Executed with his nephew Richard Grey by King Richard III.John Woodville (1444/45 - 12 Aug 1469). Married the much-older  Katherine Neville, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, daughter of Ralph Neville and  Joan Beaufort  and sister of  Cecily Neville, his sister Elizabeth’s mother-in-law.Jacquetta Woodville (1444/45 – 1509). Married John le Strange, son of Richard Le Strange and Elizabeth de Cobham.Lionel Woodville (1446 - about 23 Jun 1484). Bishop of Salisbury.Richard Woodville. (? - 06 Mar 1491).Martha Woodville (1450 – 1500). Married John Bromley.Eleanor Woodville (1452 - about 1512). Married Anthony Grey.Margaret Woodville (1455 – 1491). Married Thomas FitzAlan, son of William FitzAlan and Joan Neville.Edward Woodville. (? – 148 8).Mary Woodville (1456 - ?). Married William Herbert, son of William Herbert and Anne Devereux.Catherine Woodville (1458 - 18 May 1497). Married Henry Stafford, son of Humphrey Stafford and Margaret Beaufort (a paternal first cousin of the  Margaret Beaufort  who married Edmund Tudor and was the mother of Henry VII). Married Jasper Tudor, Edmund Tudor’s brother, both sons of Owen Tudor and  Catherine of Valois. Married Richard Wingfield, son of John Wingfield and Elizabeth FitzLewis.