Jacquetta of Luxembourg Wars of the Roses Figure

Known for:  Mother of Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England, consort of King Edward IV, and through her, ancestress of the Tudor rulers and subsequent rulers of England and Great Britain.  And through Jacquetta, Elizabeth Woodville was descended from several English kings. Ancestor of Henry VIII and all following British and English rulers. Accused of using witchcraft to arrange her daughters marriage.Dates:  About 1415 to May 30, 1472Also known as: Jaquetta, Duchess of Bedford, Lady Rivers More about Jacquettas family is below the biography. Jacquetta of Luxembourg Biography: Jacquetta was the oldest child of her parents’ nine children; her uncle Louis, later to be a Bishop, was an ally of England’s King Henry VI in his claim to the crown of France. She probably lived in Brienne in her childhood, though little record of that part of her life survives. First Marriage Jacquetta’s noble heritage made her a fitting wife for the brother of England’s King Henry VI, John of Bedford. John was 43 years old and had lost his wife of nine years to the plague the year before he married the 17-year-old Jacquetta in a ceremony in France, the ceremony presided over by Jacquetta’s uncle. John had served for a time as regent for the young Henry VI when Henry V died in 1422. John, often known as Bedford, fought against the French to try to press Henry’s claims to the French crown. He is known for arranging the trial and execution of Joan of Arc, who had turned the tide of the war against the English, and for also arranging for Henry VI to be crowned as the French king. This was a fine marriage for Jacquetta. She and her husband went to England a few months after their marriage, and she lived both at her husband’s home in Warwickshire and in London. She was admitted to the prestigious Order of the Garter in 1434. Soon after that, the couple returned to France, probably lived in Rouen at the castle there. But John died at his castle a week before the end of negotiations for a treaty between diplomats representing England, France, and Burgundy. They had been married for less than two and a half years. After John’s death, Henry VI sent for Jacquetta to come to England. Henry asked his late brother’s chamberlain, Sir Richard Woodville (also spelled Wydevill), to be in charge of her journey. She had dower rights to some of her husband’s lands and about one-third of the income from them and would be a marriage prize that Henry could use to advantage. Second Marriage Jacquetta and the rather poor Richard Woodville fell in love and married secretly in early 1437, thwarting any marriage plans King Henry may have had, and drawing Henry’s anger. Jacquetta was not supposed to be able to exercise her dower rights if she married without royal permission. Henry settled the affair, fining the couple a thousand pounds. She returned to the king’s favor, which had considerable advantages to the Woodville family. She returned to France several times in her first years of the second marriage, to fight for her dower rights there. Richard was also assigned to France a few times. In addition to the connection to Henry VI by her first marriage, Jacquetta also had a connection to Henry’s wife, Margaret of Anjou: her sister had married Margaret’s uncle. Even as the widow of Henry IV’s brother, Jacquetta had, by protocol, a higher rank at court than any other royal women except the queen herself. Jacquetta was chosen, for her high rank and the connection by marriage to Henry VI’s family, to go to France with the party bringing the young Margaret of Anjou to England to marry Henry VI. Jacquetta and Richard Woodville had a happy and long marriage. They bought a home in Grafton, Northamptonshire. Fourteen children were born to them.  Only one – Lewis, the second eldest, who was also the eldest son – died in childhood, an unusually healthy record for the plague-ridden times. Wars of the Roses In the complex intrafamily feuds over succession, now called the Wars of the Roses, Jacquetta and her family were loyal Lancastrians. When Henry VI was in his extended isolation due to his mental breakdown, and Edward IV’s Yorkist army was at the gates of London in 1461, Jacquetta was asked to negotiate with Margaret of Anjou to keep the Yorkist army from vandalizing the city. The husband of Jacquetta’s eldest daughter, Elizabeth Woodville, Sir John Grey, fought in the Second Battle of St. Albans with the Lancastrian army under the command of Margaret of Anjou. Though the Lancastrians won, Grey was among the casualties of the battle. After the battle of Towton, won by the Yorkists, Jacquetta’s husband and her son Anthony, part of the losing side, were imprisoned in the Tower of London. Jacquetta’s family connections to the Duke of Burgundy, who had helped Edward win that battle, likely saved Jacquetta’s husband and son, and they were released after a few months. Edward IV’s victory meant, among the other losses, that Jacquetta’s lands were confiscated by the new king.  So were those of other families that had been on the Lancastrian side, including Jacquetta’s daughter, Elizabeth, who was left a widow with two young boys. Elizabeth Woodville’s Second Marriage Edward’s victory also represented an opportunity to marry the new king to a foreign princess who would bring wealth and allies to England. Edward’s mother, Cecily Neville, and his cousin, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (known as the Kingmaker), were shocked when Edward secretly and suddenly married the young Lancastrian widow, Elizabeth Woodville, Jacquetta’s oldest daughter. The king had met Elizabeth, according to what may be more legend than truth, when she positioned herself at the side of the road, with her two sons from her first marriage, to catch the king’s eye as he passed on a hunting trip, and beg him for the return of her lands and income. Some have alleged that Jacquetta arranged this encounter. The king was struck with Elizabeth, and, when she refused to become his mistress (so the story goes), he married her. The wedding was held at Grafton on May 1, 1464, with only Edward, Elizabeth, Jacquetta, the priest and two women attendants present. It changed the fortunes of the Woodville family considerably  after it was disclosed months later. Royal Favor The very large Woodville family benefited from their new status as relatives of the York king. In February after the wedding, Edward ordered Jacquetta’s dower rights restored, and thus her income. Edward appointed her husband the treasurer of England and Earl Rivers. Several of Jacquetta’s other children found favorably marriages in this new environment. The most infamous was the marriage of her 20-year-old son, John, to Katherine Neville, Duchess of Norfolk.  Katherine was the sister of Edward IV’s mother, as well as an aunt of Warwick the Kingmaker, and at least 65 years old when she married John.  Katherine had outlived three husbands already, and, as it turned out, would outlive John as well. Warwick’s Revenge Warwick, who had been thwarted in his plans for Edward’s marriage, and who had been pushed out of favor by the Woodvilles, changed sides and decided to support Henry VI as fighting again broke out between the York and Lancaster sides in the complicated wars of succession.  Elizabeth Woodville and her children had to seek sanctuary, along with Jacquetta.  Elizabeths son, Edward V, was probably born during that time. At Kenilworth, Jacquetta’s husband, Earl Rivers, and their son, John (who had married Warwick’s elderly aunt) were captured by Warwick and he had them killed. Jacquetta, who had loved her husband, went into mourning, and her health suffered. Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Duchess of Bedford, died on May 30, 1472. Neither her will nor her place of burial is known. Was Jacquetta a Witch? In 1470, one of Warwick’s men formally accused Jacquetta of practicing witchcraft by making images of Warwick, Edward IV and his queen, likely part of the strategy to further destroy the Woodvilles. She faced a trial but was cleared of all charges. Richard III resurrected the charge after the death of Edward IV, with Parliament’s assent, as part of the act declaring invalid the marriage of Edward to Elizabeth Woodville, and thus removing from succession Edward’s two sons (the Princes in the Tower Richard imprisoned and who were, after a while, never seen again). The main argument against the marriage was a supposed precontract that Edward had made with another woman, but the witchcraft charge was inserted to show that Jacquetta had worked with Elizabeth to enchant Edward, Richard’s brother. Jacquetta of Luxembourg in Literature Jacquetta appears often in historical fiction.   Philippa Gregory’s novel, The Lady of the Rivers, focuses on Jacquetta, and she is a major figure in both Gregory’s novel The White Queen and the 2013 television series by the same name. Jacquetta’s first husband, John of Lancaster, the Duke of Bedford, is a character in Shakespeare’s Henry IV, parts 1 and 2, in Henry V, and in Henry VI part 1. Background, Family Mother: Margaret of Baux (Margherita del Balzo), whose paternal ancestors were nobility of Naples, and whose mother, an Orsini, was a descendant of King John of England.Father: Peter (Pierre) of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol and Count of Brienne.  Peter’s ancestors included King Henry III of England and his consort, Eleanor of Provence.Siblings:Louis of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol. Ancestor of Henry IV of France and Mary, Queen of Scots. Beheaded for treason against King Louis XI of France.Thibaud of Luxembourg, Count of Brienne, Bishop of Le MansJacques of LuxembourgValeran  of  Luxembourg,  died youngJean of LuxembourgCatherine of Luxembourg married Arthur III, Duke of BrittanyIsabelle of Luxembourg, Countess of Guise, married Charles, Count of MaineFor more details:  Family Tree of Elizabeth Woodville  (Jacquetta’s eldest child) Marriage, Children Husband: John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford (1389 – 1435).  Married April 22, 1433. John was the third son of Henry IV of England and his wife, Mary de Bohun; Henry IV was the son of John of Gaunt and his first wife, the Lancaster heiress, Blanche.  John was thus the brother of King Henry V. He had previously been married to Anne of Burgundy from 1423 until her death in 1432. John of Lancaster died on September 15, 1435, in Rouen.  Jacquetta retained the title for life of Duchess of Bedford, as it was a higher-ranking title than others she might later have been entitled to.No childrenHusband: Sir Richard Woodville, a chamberlain in her first husband’s household.  Children:Elizabeth Woodville  (1437 – 1492). Married Thomas Gray, then married Edward IV. Children by both husbands. Mother of Edward V and  Elizabeth of York.Lewis Wydeville or Woodville. He died in childhood.Anne Woodville (1439 – 1489). Married William Bourchier, son of Henry Bourch ier and Isabel of Cambridge. Married Edward Wingfield. Married George Grey, son of Edmund Grey and Katherine Percy.Anthony Woodville (1440-42 - 25 Jun 1483). Married Elizabeth de Scales, then married Mary Fitz-Lewis. Executed with his nephew Richard Grey by King Richard III.John Woodville (1444/45 - 12 Aug 1469). Married the much-older  Katherine Neville, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, daughter of Ralph Neville and  Joan Beaufort  and sister of  Cecily Neville, his sister Elizabeth’s mother-in-law.Jacquetta Woodville (1444/45 – 1509). Married John le Strange, son of Richard Le Strange and Elizabeth de Cobham.Lionel Woodville (1446 - about 23 Jun 1484). Bishop of Salisbury.Richard Woodville. (? - 06 Mar 1491).Martha Woodville (1450 – 1500). Married John Bromley.Eleanor Woodville (1452 - about 1512). Married Anthony Grey.Margaret Woodville (1455 – 1491). Married Thomas FitzAlan, son of William FitzAlan and Joan Neville.Edward Woodville. (? – 148 8).Mary Woodville (1456 - ?). Married William Herbert, son of William Herbert and Anne Devereux.Catherine Woodville (1458 - 18 May 1497). Married Henry Stafford, son of Humphrey Stafford and Margaret Beaufort (a paternal first cousin of the  Margaret Beaufort  who married Edmund Tudor and was the mother of Henry VII). Married Jasper Tudor, Edmund Tudor’s brother, both sons of Owen Tudor and  Catherine of Valois. Married Richard Wingfield, son of John Wingfield and Elizabeth FitzLewis.

The Goal Essay - 806 Words

Paige Sander Management 421 Ms. Barnes February 27, 2012 â€Å"The Goal† Essay 1 In Eliyahu Goldratt’s novel â€Å"The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement†, he tells a story about a man going through hard times, in both his work life and personal life. Alex works in a manufacturing plant that is barely staying afloat, and his boss has left it up to him to keep the business running with a three-month time span to do it in. Even though â€Å"The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement† is just a story, it is still very relatable to businessmen, businesswomen, and students. The three categories of constraints that are shown in the story are knowledge, material, and supplier. The knowledge constraint caused for the manufacturing plant to not be†¦show more content†¦It also is not efficient to have all of these materials on hand, especially when they are not even being used for multiple months. 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Why Bangladesh studies should be taught to students of BBA in Bangladesh Free Essays

Why Bangladesh Studies should be taught for the students of BBA It is important to learn the whereabouts of a country if someone wants to do business in a particular region or a country. As a student of BBA in Bangladesh, ‘Bangladesh studies’ is as important as any other courses in the whole curriculum. If one wants to start business in a particular area (say Bangladesh), one must acquire complete knowledge about: Geography Historical backgrounds Culture Manners customs Religion and caste Political conditions and attitudes of the political parties Transport telecommunication Economic infrastructure Government policies facilities Banking investments Local business business communities Natural calamities Insurance securities Management Labour cost Electricity power These prospects are described in detailed as followings: Studying geography of Bangladesh, a student will acquire knowledge about the resources, landmass, transport, economic trend of Bangladesh. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Bangladesh studies should be taught to students of BBA in Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now This helps to find a suitable place for establishing business/industrial complex. It is necessary to know the history of Bangladesh as there exists a strong connection between people of the country and their mentality and customs. Now comes the culture, manners customs. Knowing the culture of Bangladesh will help the student to guess whether the people (consumers) will appreciate the promoted product/service or not. Studying manners and customs are important as well. These will help to acquire knowledge about the tendency and likings of the consumers. It is also important to learn about religion and caste of people of Bangladesh as will help to acquire knowledge about social ceremonies, obligations and harmony of the consumers. Political  conditions of Bangladesh always affect business and economy. The student must be well aware of political stability and attitude of the politicians towards business and economic sectors. Transport Telecommunication is one of most important factor in entrepreneurship. It is important to know about the transport and telecoms of Bangladesh in order to save time and cost, get logistics, international clientele and also for marketing and advertising. Also note that well established infrastructure ensures stability in business. So, proper knowledge about the infrastructure of Bangladesh is a must. A student will be well aware of the business laws, policies identified by the government of Bangladesh. It is necessary to know the whereabouts of banking sectors for financial support, deposits and transactions. There are always possibilities of competitor companies with similar products/services. So learning about the local business of Bangladesh is necessary in order to promote a new product/service. Bangladesh is a disaster prone region. Flood, earthquake and cyclones are likely to occur almost every year and in order to face the likely disaster and hazards a student need to know how government and other organizations deal with it. Another important factor related to business is insurance and securities. A BBA student must acquire enough knowledge about insurance sectors of Bangladesh to do a better secured business. It needs a good management and resourceful labour to run a company/industry. Bangladesh studies will help a student where to find the finest executives and cheap and resourceful labour. In case of an industry, accessibility of Electricity and Power is also another important factor. With proper knowledge about the geology of the country a student can identify where to establish an industrial complex. So, it is quite clear that Studying about Bangladesh for BBA students is necessary. Proper knowledge in this field makes a student of BBA a better entrepreneur in the future. How to cite Why Bangladesh studies should be taught to students of BBA in Bangladesh, Essays

Marketing Plan Case Study of Oxfam Shop

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Planfor Case Study of Oxfam Shop. Answer: Project Scope Oxfam Shop is the renowned retail subsidiary of Oxfam Australia. The company has captured the wider position in the competitive retail market. The company has focused on expanding the business market by introducing the product differentiation strategy. It will be much helpful for the company to reach to more people. Moreover, the company is also focusing on spreading awareness about the product differentiation process to draw the attention of potential customers. The purpose of launching the new product in the society is to bring people together and formulate the cultural diversity. It is noted that Oxfam has maintained the efficiency in resolving the diverse range of the environmental issues and establishing the welfare of the people. The entire process will be completed within one year. The structured marketing plan will be followed in this project to identify the market segments and the underlying strengths and opportunities. These strengths and opportunities are recognised to ana lyse the scope of establishing the competitive edge in this current business market. Depending on the determined objectives, the project will develop the fruitful ideas about the sustainable business management. Product Brief Oxfam Shop has captured the significant place as the famous retail subsidiary of Oxfam Australia. The organisation has established the official e-commerce sites, other retail stores, and direct mailing programme. Oxfam Shop deals with the diversified retail products, foods, and handicrafts in different retail outlets. These retail outlets are sourced as the registered Fair Trade Organisation, which is recognised by the World Fair Trade Association (WFTO). The major focus of the company is to reduce the sufferings of the community people for achieving the better life in future. Concentrating on welfare of the community people, the company has structured a new marketing plan to launch a product. The company has structured a plan to introduce a new product in the market. Wakami, one of the producers of Oxfam Brand has planned to launch this product in rural areas. Wakami brand received enormous supports from Kiejde Los Bosques, which is social enterprise that sells the products in the rural communities in Guatemala (Oxfam Australia 2017). As perceived by Wakami artisans, the world is an ideal place to live in and it is essential to make connection between the people who are living here. Therefore, the major aim of launching a special product is to align people from diversified groups and improve the future life. It is even notified that Wakami concentrates on employing the women labours for providing the significant source of income that will improve their lives. The brand is thus launching the Wakami Book for the community people. The book will contain the information about the ancestral tradition regarding the rituals and festivities of Wakami. The book will also present th e detailed information about the welfare of mankind. It is to be specified that the book will be able to generate the inner peace and spirit to help other. It is predicted that the book will be a special emblem of spreading happiness and peace. Launching this book is a step ahead of bringing the community together for the social welfare. SMART Objectives The company is launching the Wakami Books to to bring the community people together and spread happiness and peace. The company believes that poverty is preventable if the proper initiatives can be undertaken. It must be challenged to improve the lifestyle of the community people. The company has set the focus to provide the beneficial opportunity to the people to bring more improvements in their lives. Hence, the mission of the company is to offer the artwork products through launching these special books that will persuade the undermined people to move ahead towards the upcoming life. Accordingly, the company has set several objectives that are quite achievable. The determined objectives are: To establish strengthened and visible existence in the non-profit retail community To achieve almost 15% of profits in next one year To enhance the customer base through repeat purchase To expand the business entity in diversified regions S- Specific These objectives are specific because these have the clear and detailed approaches of launching new products M-Measurable The product will be launched in different region and the measurement of the profit is thus possible. A- Achievable The product is launched to spread awareness and peace among the community people. Therefore the determined profit revenue is quite achievable. R- Realistic The product is launched to improve the life style and reduce the poverty level. Therefore, it is quite realistic. T- Time Bound The entire process will be completed within one year. Table 1: SMART Objectives (Source: Created by Author) Environmental Analysis Industry Analysis It is noted that the Australian retail industry has undergone a recognisable struggling phase in last five years. The volatile market preferences and the unstable financial markets are the major reasons for such weak economic structure of the country in past few years. It is notified that during the years from 2012 to 2016, the Australian retail market could achieve only 0.2% growth rate. However, the industry is frequently concentrating on future growth and increasing the compound amount of almost 1.0% growth rate in upcoming years. If compared this growth rate to the overall economic structure of the country, it can be seen that the growth rate is much slower than the expectations. However, Australia has experienced a growth rate of 0.2% revenues extracted from the clothing and accessories industry in the year of 2016 (Abs.gov.au 2016). The industry is thus concentrating on the small and medium sized enterprises. The giant retail companies are thus struggling to survive in this com petitive scenario (Urde and Koch 2014). However, in order to structure a relevant marketing plan, Oxfam Shop can utilise this data for analysing the market demands. Competitor Analysis The business sustainability depends on the fruitful business strategies that are formulated to participate in a competitive market. Therefore, it can be inferred that the competition is the integral part for undertaking strategic business decisions. In fact, while launching a new product, it is necessary to keep the focus on the market competitions and intensified performance parameter of the competitors (Cameron 2014). Moreover, the company requires concentrating on the fruitful business strategies that the competitors have adopted to achieve success. It is noted that Oxfam Shop is facing the direct competition from Amazon online book stores. The e-commerce business of Amazon is commendable. People can find any book of their choice through Amazon site. Therefore, it is necessary for the company to undertake the most innovative ideas of launching the brand. The motto of the company is to spread awareness, happiness, and information regarding the traditional and philosophical views. T he innovative business strategy would be appreciated for participating in a competitive scenario. Brief Profile of the Customers Oxfam Shop is focused on associating people who are much interested reading books and generating philosophical knowledge about the traditional aspects. The target customers of the company are based all around the world (Oxfam Australia 2017). The company has been paying the attention towards the diverse people from different religions and regions. However, the primary target customers are the artwork collectors who have the keen interest on such art based books. These customers would even spend the justified amount of money to collect such books with philosophical thoughts. The book will generate the knowledge about reducing poverty and treating the people equally. The products are designed to spread peace and happiness among other human beings. Therefore, the target customers are those who have the genuine interests on reducing poverty in the society. Current Strategy Oxfam Shop is always taking a step ahead of reducing poverty by establishing the hands-on approach. In order to reduce poverty, the company started combining their experiences of helping people during the emergency situations. Moreover, the company is even undertaking the innovative campaigns, which are considered as the most appreciable step of reducing the inequality, poverty, and hunger. Strengths and Opportunities Strengths Opportunities 1. The company receives the enormous supports from the customers worldwide. The brand identity is the major strength of the company. 2. The presence in the online sources is also one of the major strengths of the company. It helps in generating more supports from the online users. 3. The organisation has the planned objectives and qualities that are much remarkable. It enhances the scope of brand promotions and establishment of the strengthened competitive position. 4. The efficient portfolio is the major demands of the potential customers. The company could establish a strengthened brand identity through the effective portfolio. 1. The company has the enormous opportunity to create the retail shop standpoint. 2. The company has the remarkable chance to undertake the market campaigns. 3. The establishment of the centre value to gather more customers supports. Table 2: Strengths and Opportunities (Source: Created by Author) Strategy Formulation Customers Segments Segmentation of a company is focusing on segregating the extended target market of the industries. The segments are mainly focusing on sharing common values, priorities, requirements, and interests (Lewrick et al. 2015). The marketing strategies of Oxfam Shop are usually organised in groups, which are separating the goals and key performance indicators. The company has paid the closer attention towards the expectation level of the supporters. The supporters are mainly concentrating on the shop present aiders, single supplier, campaigners, shop buyers, and customary providers. The company has also been attentive towards the socioeconomics. Targeting In order to keep the focus on the target market, the company provides the special concentration on the social affairs to be followed up. In order to gather the crowd, the company is undertaking the efficient promotional activities. The campaigns and the promotional activities broadcast the condition of the people who have been suffering from the hunger and poverty (Oxfam Australia 2017). The launch of these new books will help to spread more awareness among the people in the community. Therefore, these promotional activities receive the purpose of spreading awareness among the people in the society. It helps the company to gather the supports of the target customers. Positioning The positioning is generally based on the brand promotions to create the strengthened the customer base. The standing quality and characterisation of the offered products are the major fundamental for the positioning strategy (Philips 2014). The proper positioning of the products depends on the organisational functionalities. The individuals who have been suffering poverty and hunger get the opportunities to battle the fights with the obstacles in their lives. The book will generate the sufficient knowledge about the traditional approach of mitigating the obstacles. The knowledge derived from the book will help the people to move ahead towards the future and establish the dignified life. 4ps Marketing Mix Product Oxfam Shop is much focused on brands that speak of philanthropic administration, which helps in enhancing the esteem level of the organisation (Seret, Verbraken and Baesens 2014). The company is offering the valuable product that will bring the human beings together by spreading peace. Therefore, the company is launching a book, which contains the philosophical thoughts, ideologies of life, and spirits for moving ahead towards future. Moreover, the company is also concentrating on reducing poverty and make justice with the people who have been suffering from hunger and poverty. Promotions The company has undertaken the promotional activities through TV, social media, and other promotional mediums. Moreover, the company is even utilising the newspaper to broadcast the innovative idea of spreading peace among the society. Apart from these promotional mediums, the company will arrange a social event where the famous personalities will participate to present their views about the book. Online networking system is also much effective for making people aware of the increasing number of poverty and hunger. Price The company maintains the moderate price for the people of different income rates. Concentrating on the economic level, the company has set the pricing structure neither high nor low. Hence, the moderate pricing is beneficial for getting access to the offered products. Place Oxfam Shop is mainly trying to expand the market and sell the products all over the world. The firm has recognised the injustice with the people who have been suffering from poverty. The products will be distributed to the rural areas. Conclusion The study indicates that the major aim of launching the new products by Oxfam Shop is to reduce the poverty level. The company believes that each of the human beings deserves to be out of poverty and risks. Therefore, Oxfam Shop has launched a book that contains the traditional approaches of Wakami. The book includes the different ideologies of life, philosophical emblem of spreading peace and happiness, and guidance for moving ahead in life. 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